Method and apparatus for image recognition services

ABSTRACT

A system to provide image processing services responsive to requests including image data includes a system layer that forwards a request to an image application processing interface. Image processing provides an image comparison, barcode recognition, and optical character recognition. The image processing compares the image data to products in a database in order to identify a matching product. The system layer receives the matching information and forwards to a user.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is based on a provisional application entitled“IMAGE RECOGNITION AS A SERVICE,” Ser. No. 61/033,940, filed on Mar. 5,2008, the benefit of the filing date of which is claimed under 35 U.S.C.§ 119(e) and the content of which is incorporated herein in its entirety

BACKGROUND

As the interconnectivity provided by networked communications and mobilecommunications increases, such technologies become more and more a partof everyday business operations and personal consumption activities.There is, therefore, a need for efficient, flexible communications,incorporating textual information and operational information, as wellas video and audio information.

There is a need for a flexible mechanism for allowing users to searchand identify items for consumption, particularly in the area of contentretrieval. In this context, consumption includes economic transactions,social transactions and business transactions.

In one example, a commerce service operating in a networked computingenvironment provides users with a forum for buying and selling goods andservices on the Internet. In order to provide users with an optimumexperience, the commerce service develops features to aid users in thebuying and selling of goods and services. Such features include, but arenot limited to, the use images in identifying items by both sellers andbuyers. The use of images is important because it allows users to seethe actual item they are looking to purchase from the seller.

The use of images has been traditionally limited to sellers providingdetailed information advertising an item for sale, wherein the detailedinformation includes a photograph, drawing, video or other image of theproduct.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 and 2 are block diagrams illustrating a system having aclient-server architecture and for providing image services, accordingto an example embodiment;

FIGS. 3A and 3B are block diagrams illustrating functional layers withina system for providing image services, according to an exampleembodiment;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an image processing unit within asystem for providing image services, according to an example embodiment;

FIGS. 5 and 6 are block diagrams illustrating a merchant tool module,according to an example embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an image processing method,according to an example embodiment.

FIGS. 8 and 9 are process flow diagrams illustrating image input contentprovided to an image processing unit as a request for image services,and the resultant information provided in response, according to exampleembodiments;

FIGS. 10 and 11 are flow diagrams illustrating methods for imageprocessing, according to an example embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a fraud detection module,according to an example embodiment;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating a client-server system,according to an example embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating multiple applications, accordingto an example embodiment; and

FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating a computing system configured toimplement an image processing service, according to an exampleembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of some example embodiments. To one skilled in the art, itis evident that the concepts presented herein may be practiced withoutthese specific details.

Methods and systems to enhance search capabilities in a networkaccessible information resource including generation of a datadictionary to identify data items stored in the information resource aredescribed.

According to an example embodiment, there is provided a system havingthe benefits of advanced image services within a publication system(e.g., a transaction platform, such as an ecommerce platform or site). Apart of the system is responsible for the provision of image services inthe environment oriented towards mobile phone technology. According toone example embodiment, taking a picture of an item and sending aparticularly formatted email to an address associated with an ecommercesite results in retrieval of relevant items from an ecommerce database.In one embodiment, a response email is generated which has a look andfeel consistent with an ecommerce mobile web site. The system isflexible and allows third-party developers to take full advantage ofimage services, such as searching through ecommerce listings for similarimages and items with particular barcodes using simplified interfacecalls. The system is extensible allowing the addition of more servicesor modifications to the existing ones.

For example, in one embodiment, the system may be employed toautomatically generate a publication (e.g., a fixed price or auctionlisting) for an item or service based on an image (e.g., a picture of aproduct or other identifying information associated with a product, suchas a barcode, Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) or title) when theimage is transmitted to a publication system. In this example, the imagemay be utilized to identify and retrieve additional information tocreate a publication. In this way, methods and apparatus for imagerecognition services are used to generate listings for sale by a seller,as well as to search and identify items for purchase by a user.Developers directed toward either side of a transaction may apply suchtechniques to generate listings and to locate items. In one example, abulk user of an ecommerce system uploads information related to aplurality of image-based items, which is collated, organized, andcompared to information in item databases. In response, a plurality ofitems is retrieved corresponding to the plurality of image-based items.Certain default assumptions may be made with respect to the publicationand may also be included within the publication as publication data. Forexample, a certain price may be automatically associated with a productthat is advertised for sale in the listing, based on the pricing ofsimilar or comparable items that are currently being offered for sale,or that have been sold in the past via a transaction platform supportedby a publication system.

In a further example embodiment, the system may be employed in a fraudprevention function to automatically provide an indication as to whethera particular item is a genuine or fraudulent item, based on a comparisonof an image, e-mailed or otherwise transmitted to the system, with astored collection of images of either genuine or fraudulent items.Certain features of an item may be flagged within the system forparticular scrutiny and as being particularly indicative of whether anitem is fraudulent or genuine. In one example, a user receives anadvertisement or offer to purchase a product for a given price. The userdesires confirmation of the legitimacy of the advertisement or offer andsends an image received in the advertisement or offer to a known sellerfor confirmation.

One example embodiment of a distributed network implementing imagerecognition services for identifying data items stored in an informationresource is illustrated in the network diagram of FIG. 1 which depicts asystem 10 using a client-server type architecture. A commerce platformor commerce server includes an information storage and retrievalplatform 12, which provides server-side functionality, via a network 14(e.g., the Internet) to one or more clients. As illustrated, a system 10interacts with a web client 16 executing on a client machine 20, aprogrammatic client 18 executing on a client machine 22, and, aprogrammatic client 18 in the form of client image modules 25 executingon a client machine 23. In one embodiment, web client 16 is a webbrowser, but may employ other types of web services.

Within the information the storage and retrieval platform 12,Application Program Interface (API) server 24 and web server 26 arecoupled to, and provide programmatic and web interface to, one or moreapplication servers 28. Application servers 28 host one or more modules30 (e.g., modules, applications, engines, etc.). Application servers 28are, in turn, shown to be coupled to one or more database servers 34that facilitate access to one or more databases 36. Modules 30 provide anumber of information storage and retrieval functions and services tousers accessing the information storage and retrieval platform 12. Auser accesses information storage and retrieval platform 12 throughnetwork 14.

While system 10 of FIG. 1 employs a client-server architecture, thepresent disclosure is not limited to this architecture, and could beapplied to a distributed, or peer-to-peer, architecture system. Thevarious modules 30 and may also be implemented as stand-alone softwareprograms, which do not necessarily have networking capabilities.

The web client 16 may access the various modules 30 via a web interfacesupported by web server 26. Web server 26 allows developers to build webpages. In one embodiment, web server 26 is used in collaboration withJava® technologies by Sun Microsystems of Menlo Park, Calif., and withAjax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) technologies, which is acollection of technologies enabling the creation of web applications.Ajax uses JavaScript, eXtensible Markup Language (XML), Cascading StyleSheet (CSS) formatting, along with a few other technologies. Ajax allowsprogrammers to refresh certain parts of a web page without having tocompletely reload the page. By obtaining information dynamically, webpages load faster, respond more quickly to requests, and are morefunctional. Developers consider using Ajax applications, and Ajax-likeapplications, when seeking to reduce network latency in certainapplications.

Similarly, programmatic client 18 accesses various services andfunctions provided by the modules 30 via the programmatic interfaceprovided by the API server 24. In one example, programmatic client 18 isa seller application (e.g., the TurboLister® application developed byeBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) enabling sellers to author and managedata item listings, with each listing corresponding to a product orproducts, on information storage and retrieval platform 12. Listings maybe authored and modified in an off-line manner such as when a clientmachine 20, 22, or 23 is not necessarily connected to informationstorage and retrieval platform 12. Client machines 20, 22 and 23 arefurther to perform batch-mode communications between programmaticclients 18 and 25 and information storage and retrieval platform 12. Inaddition, programmatic client 18 and web client 16 may include authoringmodules (not shown) to author, generate, analyze, and publishcategorization rules used in information storage and retrieval platform12 to structure data items and transform queries. In one exampleembodiment, transforming queries uses a data dictionary with token pairsto expand a narrow keyword or to focus a broad keyword. The clientmachine 23 is further shown to be coupled to one or more databases 27.The databases 27 include information used by client machine 23 inimplementing a service or operation and may include specific informationfor products or services offered by client machine 23.

Users having access to service(s) provided by client machine 23, forexample, include users of computer 19 and users of wireless network 17,which may serve as a common access point to Internet 14 for a variety ofwireless devices, including, among others a cable type televisionservice 11, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) 13, and a cellular phone15.

In one example, client machine 23 enables web services, wherein acatalog of web services is stored in information storage and retrievalplatform 12. Client machine 23 stores information related to use of theweb services in databases 27, wherein the information is used toidentify associated services and offerings. The associated services andofferings are also listed in the catalog of web services. Descriptors ofthe associated services and offerings may be used to generate and modifya vocabulary for a data dictionary corresponding to the catalog of webservices, such that a user search having keywords related to a firstservice may return results for a second service associated with thefirst service. Additionally, each of client machines 20, 22 and 23 mayalso be users that search data items in information storage andretrieval platform 12.

In another example, client machine 23 is an ecommerce client offeringproducts to customers via Internet 14. Client machine 23 stores acatalog of products in information storage and retrieval platform 12,with the catalog of products having a corresponding data dictionary.Client machine 23 stores information related to at least one product indatabases 27. The information may include frequency of searches,resultant sales, related products, pricing information, and otherinformation related to customer use of the ecommerce service.Additionally, databases 27 may store other product related information,such as style, color, format, and so forth. Client machine 23 may usethe information stored in databases 27 to develop descriptor informationfor at least one product. Product descriptors and other productinformation may be used to generate and modify a vocabulary for a datadictionary corresponding to the catalog of products, such that a usersearch having keywords related to a first product may return results fora second product associated with the first service. In otherembodiments, a client machine may store information in information andstorage retrieval platform 12 related to business processes, or otherapplications which store data in a database which may be accessed bymultiple users. A common problem in such systems is the ability tounderstand and anticipate multiple users' keywords entered in searchqueries as search terms. Each of the multiple users may use differentkeywords to search for a same data item. The use of a data dictionarycorresponding to data items enhances a search mechanism in returning thesame data item to different users resulting from searches on differentkeywords.

To facilitate search within information storage and retrieval platform12, image processing unit 37 provides image processing services,including image recognition of data received from a client machine andimage compression processing. The image processing unit 37 may operateon information received from client machines 20, 22, and 23, such asproduct or service descriptor information, as well as other informationrelated thereto. Image processing unit 37 processes this information tocompare received information to stored data for items, such as barcodeinformation of an item or a photograph or other image found outside ofsystem 10. The image processing unit 37 may further provide datacompression to reduce the size of received information to facilitatestorage, further processing, and transfer of information to anotherentity. The image processing unit 37 also aids in searching data itemsstored in databases 36, by matching the received information to knowndata. Such comparison and matching may use any of a variety oftechniques. Further, the received information is similar to search queryinformation, which is traditionally entered as textual information or byselection of categories presented to a user. The image processing unit37 allows the system 10 to handle image based queries.

In one embodiment, the received image information corresponds to dataitem information (e.g., product information). In addition, the receivedimage information may correspond to non-specific items, such as to acategory of items, which are identified and then presented to therequester.

Where the quality of a search mechanism (e.g., a search engine) tosearch an information resource is measured by the ability to returnsearch results of interest to the user (e.g., search requester) inresponse to a search query, image processing unit 37 dramaticallyexpands the type of information and specificity of information arequester may submit as the subject of a search. For example, a searchmechanism may respond to a query from a user with search results thatcontain data items covering a spectrum wider than the interests of theuser. Traditionally, the user may then experiment by adding additionalconstraints (e.g., keywords, categories, etc.) to the query to narrowthe number of data items in the search results; however, suchexperimentation may be time consuming and frustrate the user. To thisend, the use of image information in many cases provides an exact, andoften unique, identification of the desired item.

Continuing with system 10 of FIG. 1, information storage and retrievalsystem 12 includes modules 30 within application server(s) 28, whereinmodules 30 is further detailed in FIG. 2. The modules 30 may includesoftware modules or functionality of a module implemented at leastpartially in software. The software may be developed using a flexibleprogramming language, such as Java. Java® is an object-orientedprogramming language developed by Sun Microsystems. Other languages anddevelopment tools may be used according to the design and purpose and atthe discretion of the system developer.

As illustrated, modules 30 include a receiver 40 to receive images andother information from entities within system 10, such as throughnetwork 14. Further included within modules 30 is communication protocolunit 42, to receive, process and transmit messages according to one ormultiple communication protocols. In one example, communication protocolunit 42 processes GET-POST messages. In this example, a HypertextTransfer Protocol (HTTP) is used to publish and retrieve text pages onthe Internet. HTTP now allows users to generate numerous requests toperform a wide variety of tasks. For instance, it is possible togenerate a request to obtain the meta-information of some file locatedon a remote server. The two fundamental request types of HTTP are GETand POST. The GET request encodes data into a Uniform Resource Locator(URL), while a POST request appears in a message body. The URLidentifies a location of a participant in an HTTP communication.Typically GET requests involve retrieving or “getting” data, and a POSTrequest is not so limited, applying to storing data, updating data,sending an email, ordering a product or service.

GET requests embed the parameters of requests in the URL asparameter-value pairs. An example of the resulting URL is provided as:

-   -   HTTP://www.site.com/get.cgi?name=John&zip=012345.        POST requests require additional space in the request itself to        encode the parameters. The additional space is well used when a        large number of parameters or the values are desired or        required, but such a large number of parameters are too        voluminous to be embedded directly into a URL. For example, a        POST request is used when transferring contents of a file from a        browser to a server.

Continuing with FIG. 2, an email module 46 and a mail client 48 are alsoincluded. The email module 46 provides an email application for use bythe system for interacting with clients. Email protocols are methodsused to both send and receive email messages. The Post Office Protocol(POP) protocol provides a simple and standard way for users to downloademail messages from a remote server over a Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP) type Internet connection. Similarly, theSimple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) protocol is a protocol that allowsfor transferring email messages over the Internet. Each message sentover the SMTP protocol can contain multiple recipients and various textdata, as well as other encoded objects. These encoded objects mayinclude images, documents, and so forth.

A mail client 48 allows communications from within other applications,such as ecommerce applications. In this way, when an issue arises duringoperation of the application, the application is able to sendinformation directly to the current user of the application. Further,users are provided with a way to communicate directly with theapplication. In one example, mail client 48 is used to implement a chatsession between a representative of the application and a user of theapplication. The representative may be an automated or roboticrepresentative, pre-programmed to respond to a variety ofcommunications. Module 30 further includes version control 44 and tools50. Version control 44 allows programmers to keep files in a centrallocation, allowing all programmers on a given project to simultaneouslywork on a set of code. In one example, Concurrent Versions System (CVS)version control software is used to track changes and allow forreversion to previous states of files.

The tools unit 50 provides developer tools and software for buildingapplications, such as to expand or enhance the image processingcapabilities. In one example, tools 50 include Java servlets or otherprograms to run on a server. As the present example implements Javatools, some terms used with respect to Java applications and tools aredetailed. A Java applet is a small program sent as a separate file alongwith an HTML communication, such as a web page. Java applets are oftenintended to run on a client machine and enable services. Java appletservices, for example, may perform calculations, position an image inresponse to user interaction, process data, and so forth.

In a networked computing system, some applications and programs areresident at a central server, including those enabling access todatabases based on user input from client machines. Typically, suchapplications and programs are implemented using a Common GatewayInterface (CGI) application. When Java applications are running on theserver, however, these applications and programs (i.e. Java servlets)may be built using Java programming language. Java servlets areparticularly useful when handling large amounts of data and heavy datatraffic, as they tend to execute more quickly than CGI applications.Rather than invoking a separate process, each user request is invoked asa “thread” in a single process, or daemon, reducing the amount of systemoverhead for each request.

Instead of a URL to designate the name of a CGI application, a requestto call a Java servlet is given as:

-   -   HTTP://www.whatis.com:        8080/servlet/gotoUrl?HTTP://www.someplace.com        wherein the “8080” port number in the URL sends the request        directly to the web server. The “servlet” indication within the        URL indicates to the web server that a servlet is requested.

Java servlet technology enables developers to generate web content onthe fly. For example, Apache Tomcat is an application server which maybe used to deploy and test Java servlets. Application server(s) 28 waitfor HTTP requests and run appropriate portions of Java servletsresponsible for handling GET or POST requests as received. Java methodsgenerate responses which are in turn transferred by applicationserver(s) 28 to a client using HTTP communications. The responsesgenerally consist of plain text data, using HTML or XML tags, but may beused to transfer non-plain text files such as images and archives.

XML is a markup language allowing a user to define custom tags todescribe data for any domain. It is mostly used to exchange informationacross different systems via the Internet. XML documents are used forthe structure, storage, and transportation of various types of data. AnXML element contains a start and end tag, and all of the informationcontained within, which can be either more XML elements or text data.The following is an example of an XML document:

<?xml version=”1.0”?>   <Staff>     <Employee>       <Name> John</Name>      <Salary>1000</Salary>     </Employee>   <Employee>     <Name>Mike</Name>     <Salary>5000</Salary>   </Employee> </Staff>wherein the <Staff> element contains two employee elements, and each<Employee> tag contains various descriptions of each employee, includinghis name and salary, contained in the <Name> and <Salary> tags. In thisexample, an XML file may be used to store and transport information onthe staff of a company.

Other tools include various development applications. In one example, anIntegrated Development Environment (IDE), such as Eclipses by the ApacheSoftware Foundation, is used to develop Java software. Additionally,plug-ins may be written for the Eclipse platform to expand developmentcapabilities and allow the use of other programming languages.

An example design of a system 100, similar to system 10, is illustratedin FIG. 3A having three layers: user layer 102, system layer 104, andimage API layer 106. User layer 102 includes mail client 110, mobileclient 114, and web interface 112. Each module provides functionalityand communication processing. System layer 104 includes an emailgenerator 116 and an HTML generator 118. Note, alternate embodiments mayimplement other communication protocols, and HTML is provided here asone example. Additionally, HTML generator 118 may further be toimplement more than one communication or transfer protocol. Image APIlayer 106 includes image services 120. The various layers 102, 104, 106communicate according to predetermined relationships and agreedcommunication protocols.

In one example, user layer 102 of system 100 is an end-user applicationthat uses an application from system layer 104 or directly communicateswith image API layer 106. The main components of user layer 102,according to the present example, include an email interface using amobile phone interface, such as Apple iPhone® by Apple of Cupertino,Calif., and a web interface using a standard web browser. The emailinterface using the Apple iPhone consists of using a combination of theintegrated camera and the native email and web applications to emailattached images to system layer 104. The Apple iPhone then receives anemail back containing the results of the request. The web interfaceallows a user to upload a file, select a function to perform, and/orselect a search category. The request is then sent directly to image APIlayer 106, and the browser receives an XML response indicatingsearch/match results.

As illustrated, mail client 110 and mobile client 114 of user layer 102send and receive email to email generator 116 of system layer 104.Current mobile phone models (such as the Apple iPhone) allow users to doa wide variety of tasks in addition to simply making phone calls andsending Short Messaging Service (SMS) messages. These tasks include, butare not limited to, taking pictures, listening to music, sending andreceiving email, watching videos, browsing the internet, and others.While many mobile phones contain these features, many of the featuresare scaled down from their computer counterparts to function properlywithin a mobile phone environment. Considerations for applying featuresto a mobile phone include slower processors, lower bandwidth, andsmaller screens. Due to these limitations, many services available toonline computer users must be scaled down to work properly with mobiledevices. This can be done by creating web pages with lower bandwidthrequirements or by scaling down the size of text and images to fit onsmaller screens. In order to take full advantage of this mobile domain,systems are to be designed with a mobile audience in mind.

Continuing with FIG. 3A, web interface 116 of user layer 102 sends HTTPrequests to HTML generator 118 of system layer 104. In response, HTMLgenerator 118 sends HTML content to web interface 116. Web interface 116is a user interface, such as a Graphical User Interface (GUI), forcommunication with various applications.

User layer 102 also communicates with image API layer 106 by sending anHTTP request; an XML response is then sent from image API layer 106 touser layer 102. When user layer 102 sends a request for image processingdirectly to image API layer 106, the request is sent in a formatspecific to the API of image API layer 106. In this way, image services120 is able to understand the requested service and is able to retrievethe image data on which the service is to be performed. For such directcommunication, formatted data is added to the image data. In effect, awrapper is placed on the image data providing sufficient information toimage services 120 to retrieve the image data and process according tothe request.

System layer 104 enables a user-friendly interface to image API layer104 by receiving messages, such as emails and HTTP requests, from userlayer 102, translating the received messages into a format for image APIlayer 106, and may also perform initial processing of the image dataincluded therewith. In one embodiment, image API layer 106 receives HTTPrequests from system layer 104 and again responds with XML responses,however, alternate communication protocols may be implemented. As aninterface, translation and processing layer, system layer 104facilitates easy communication and increases efficiency by receivinginformation in a variety of formats from user layer 102. System layer104 thus allows user layer 102 to make multiple calls in a reducedamount of time. Additionally, system layer 104 allows for parallelprocessing of requests and bulk uploading of batches of image objects.In the examples provided, system layer 104 receives information,including image data or image objects, in a message. Alternatecommunication protocols and techniques may be implemented as well.

Upon receiving image data from layer 102, system layer 104 then packagesthe image data in a wrapper and sends the wrapped image data to imageservices. The wrapper provides processing instructions to image services120. Processing instructions may include a selection of one of aplurality of services offered by image services 120, such as for readinga barcode or for OCR of an image object. In one embodiment, processinginstructions provide further details as to how to process the imagedata. For example, processing instructions may specify a resolutiondesired or a specific technique to apply in processing the image data.In an alternate embodiment, processing instructions are provided inadditional messaging separate from the image data request, wherein anidentifier is used to correspond the processing instructions to theimage data.

In one example, when user layer 102 sends a message to system layer 104requesting image processing services, system layer 104 applies a set ofrules to the received message. The rules providing guidance as to how toprocess the received message. The rules may instruct system layer 104 toparse the message to retrieve the image data or image object. The rulesmay further instruct system layer 104 on how to identify a type ofinformation contained in the message as well as how to identify imageprocessing instructions. Additionally, system layer 104 may attachadditional information to the image data before formatting and sendingto image API layer 106.

By acting as a liaison between user layer 102 and image API layer 106,system layer 104 maintains a consistent communication between user layer102 and image services 120, as the image API layer may change due toupgrades, enhancements or implementation of a different communicationprotocol, while the user layer 102 is able to continue using a sameformat for image processing requests. In this way, the communicationplatform between system layer 104 and image API layer 106 may changewithout changing the interface between user layer 102 and system layer104.

Image API layer 106 connects user layer 102 or system layer 104 tovarious image services, such as those of image processing unit 37. ImageAPI layer 106 is accessed through HTTP requests and responds using XMLfiles. Image API layer 106 executes various image services in responseto received requests. Additionally, each XML response varies dependingon the image service selected by a user or by image API layer 106.

Image API Layer 106 and image processing unit 37 in combination provideOptical Character Recognition (OCR) and image comparison services. OCRis a field in computer science that deals with converting visuallyrepresented textual information (scanned images, photographs, etc.) to aworkable computer format. OCR service may be to extract text from animage and/or to extract barcode data from an image. An image comparisonservice receives an image and returns a set of URLs for other imagessimilar to the received image.

Image API layer 106 provides an interface to various image services andallows a service to connect to the image services through HTTP GET andPOST calls and receive an XML response. In addition, system 100 handlesemail communications designed to receive a user email having an attachedor included image, initiate image processing and respond to the user.The user may specify the specific processing requested, or may simplysupply an image or set of images as a search query.

System layer 104 includes applications to connect users to image APIlayer 106, such that in many instances user layer 102 avoids directinterface with image API layer 106. System layer 104 processes requestsfrom user layer 102, forwarding the request to image API layer 106.System layer 104 then receives XML responses from image API layer 106,parses the data and formats it in a way that can be handled by userlayer 102. This allows for a more robust formatting of the data,ensuring that user layer 102 does not have to receive and format all ofthe data directly from the API layer.

The system layer 104 includes a content generator for email, whichreceives an email sent to a dedicated address, creates an HTML-basedemail response, and sends it back to the user's email address.

The image API layer 106 is an application interface to image processingunit 37 of FIG. 1. As discussed above, image processing includescomparison processing to take in an image file and metadata (e.g., anitem category) and return a set of images similar to the received image.In one example, comparison is based on color, shape, and texture, and isable to compare a given image to a pre-hashed set of images from a smallset of categories. Example categories may include: women's bags, women'sclothing, and shoes.

The system includes Java implemented image comparison algorithms. Anexample embodiment considers three product categories (e.g., clothing,shoes, and bags) and uses shape, texture and color to determine asimilarity distance between a given image and each of multiplepre-hashed images stored in a database. The similarity distanceidentifying a number of same characteristics or parameters of thereceived image data or image object and those stored in a same orsimilar category in a product database. The similarity distancecalculation may weight one of these characteristics or parameters moreheavily than others. After determining a similarity distance, theresultant retrieved set of images with similar features is sent back asa report. The example embodiment incorporates Java code for imagecomparison for an image API of image API layer 106.

As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the three layers: user layer 102, systemlayer 104, and image API layer 106, communicate with each other tofacilitate image processing according to configurations and embodimentssupporting a variety of systems and services. The various layers may bedistributed in a system, such as system 10, or may be combined andconfigured together in one or more units. FIG. 3B illustrates analternate embodiment for a system 101, wherein user layer 107, systemlayer 105 and image API layer 103 are resident within a client device,such as a computing device or a mobile device. The image API layer 103functions in a similar manner to image API layer 106, including imageprocessing functionality in addition to providing an API forcommunication. The three layers: user layer 107, system layer 105, andimage API layer 103, further communicate with a service through aservice API layer 109. The service may be an ecommerce service, abusiness service, a distributed computing network service, a mobileservice or so forth. In this way, images provided by user layer 107 areprocessed for accessing a service through service API layer 109.

In one embodiment, the service is an ecommerce auction based service,wherein a user enters product image information, such as a bar code orphotograph, through image API layer 103. The image information isprocessed within image API layer 103, and provided to service API layer109 through a networked communication. In another similar embodiment,the image information is emailed to a server accessed through serviceAPI layer 109, wherein the email includes processed image information. Aresponse from service API layer 109 may be sent directly, such as usingan Internet Protocol (IP) communication, or by email to an email addressassociated with one of image API layer 103, system layer 105, and userlayer 107.

An example of image processing unit 37 is illustrated in FIG. 4.Included are image comparison unit 120, image compression unit 122, andOCR unit 124. An image controller 126 receives user selections andrequests, and an image buffer 128 stores image files. The image buffermay further store user selections, processing specifics, and resultantfiles generated by processing within image processing unit 37.Additionally within image processing unit 37 is barcode processing unit129 for identifying product information from a received image of abarcode.

In one example of a system design, image comparison services are to sendand receive email messages with attachments. An email retrieval system,such as email generator 116, may be a constantly running program whichperiodically checks for email messages in a dedicated email box. Uponreception of one or more messages at the email box, the system processeseach message in succession in the order received. During messageprocessing, each message is checked for subject line content and acompatible image attachment. For example, when a message contains acompatible item category in the subject line, the email generator 116uses this information for image comparison and matching. The emailhaving this subject line content will typically also contain an image orhave an image file attached. When more than one image is included and/orattached, the first image encountered is processed first. The firstimage encountered may be a first image in a list of attached images.Image comparison unit 120 uses each image to find similar images storedin image database(s) 130. A number of similar or compatible images maybe found. The number used may be predetermined and specified by imageprocessing unit 37, or may be specified by a requester. Once identified,URLs associated with similar images are compiled. The number of similarimages may be a top five images most compatible to the received image.The compiled list of similar images, along with detailed informationthereto, is sent to user layer 102 via the email generator 116. The listof images may be included in an email or may be generated as a file andattached to an email. The email is sent to the requesting email address.The original requester can then view the email containing the top fiveimages most compatible to the one that was originally sent.

Returning to FIG. 3A, both user layer 102 and system layer 104 are ableto communicate with image API layer 106, which is accessed using an HTTPGET or POST request, according to one example. Image API layer 106enables processing of a received image according to the requestspecified by a requester. The specified request is referred to as animage service request. Note that a requester may be a machine, such aswhere automated processing is implemented. In one example, a machine istasked with searching all commerce sites satisfying at least onecriterion. In this case, the image service request is generatedautomatically, and the results are stored and processed according toalgorithms and programming to accomplish a purpose. Similarly, therequest may come from an image service within image processing unit 37,such as OCR unit 124, which may request data from database(s) 36 forprocessing and storage in image database(s) 130.

In responding to requests, image API layer 106 returns an XML filecontaining the requested data. Image API layer 106 contains multipleservlets, each relating to at least one type of image service, such asimage comparison and OCR.

The API servlets can be called through HTTP GET and POST requests. Thegeneric format for the GET request is as follows:

HTTP://<name of server>:<server port>/<servlet folder>/<servlet>?method=<name of method><other parameters>.Fields for “name of server” and “server port” refer to the server inwhich the servlets are stored; the field “servlet” refers to the name ofthe servlet being used; and the field “name of method” refers to aspecific method to be used. The other parameters are specific to eachmethod. As used herein a method may be an operation or function to beperformed by the recipient of the GET request. A method may relate to asearch for a product similar to the image. One method may be to searchfor a product having a color similar to that of the image. Anothermethod may be to search for a product having a similar shape to that ofthe image. Still other methods may instruct image services 120 to read abarcode, extract text, or perform OCR on the image. In this context,therefore, a method is a function provided by image services 120.

For example, an OCR servlet contains three methods: barcode, text, andbarcodeGetItems. The barcode method receives the URL or image of abarcode, or an image containing a barcode, wherein the barcode methodreturns the integer string associated with the barcode. The method alsotakes in a URL or image containing text, wherein the method returns thetext string produced by OCR unit 124. The text string contains textdetected within the image. The barcodeGetItems method takes in a URL orimage of a barcode, or an image containing a barcode, wherein thebarcodeGetItems method returns a list of items having the same barcodeas the received image. The barcodeGetItems method can also take in anoptional parameter and count, which allows the user to specify the typeof results and how many results are desired. If no parameter orparameter count are given, a default amount of items is sent back.Example input and output are as follows.

A. Barcode Method:

GET Request:

HTTP://d-sjc- dgolovnya:8080/imageServiceAPIServlets/OCR?method=barcode&url=HTTP://d-sjc-jeolson:8080/upc.png

Response:

<rsp stat=“ok”> <barcode>   <value> 9780590353403 </value>  </barcode></rsp>

B. Text Method:

GET Request:

HTTP://d-sjc- dgolovnya:8080/imageServiceAPIServlets/OCR?method=text&url= HTTP://d-sjc-jeolson:8080/DSCF0357.jpg

Response:

<rsp stat=“ok”> <text>   <value> Text from the given file. </value></text> </rsp>

C. barcodeGetItems method:

GET Request:

HTTP://d-sjc-  dgolovnya:8080/imageServiceAPIServlets/OCR?method= barcodeGetItems&count=2&url= HTTP://d-sjc-jeolson:8080/upc.png

Response:

<rsp stat=“ok”> <items> <item>  <title>1st edition Harry PotterHardcover</title>  <BINPrice>null</BINPrice>  <id>20200624161</id> <currentPrice>9.99</currentPrice>  <bids>1</bids> <listingType>Chinese</listingType> <pictureURL>HTTP://thumbs.ebay.com/pict/20200624161.jpg </pictureURL> <primaryCategory>99000</primaryCategory> <startTime>2008-02-22T23:59:54.000Z</startTime>  <endTime>2008-02-27T23:59:54.000Z</endTime>  <sellerId>null</sellerId> <sellerFeedBackScore>null</sellerFeedBackScore>  <sellerFeedBackRatingStar>null</sellerFeedBackRatingStar>  </item> <item> <title> HARRY POTTER ANT THE SORCERER'S STONE 1ST ED  MINTCOND.</title>   <BINPrice>null</BINPrice>   <id>120225247484</id>  <currentPrice>49.99</currentPrice>   <bids>0</bids>  <listingType>FixedPriceItem</listingType> <pictureURL>HTTP://thumbs.ebay.com/pict/120225247484.jpg </pictureURL>  <primaryCategory>99000</primaryCategory>  <startTime>2008-02-21T18:00:4.000Z</startTime>  <endTime>2008-02-28T18:00:4.000Z</endTime>   <sellerId>null</sellerId>  <sellerFeedBackScore>null</sellerFeedBackScore>  <sellerFeedBackRatingStar>null</sellerFeedBackRatingStar>  </item></items> </rsp>wherein the SimilarImages servlet contains a method calledgetSimilarImages. The getSimilarImages method takes in a URL or image ofan item to be compared, a category that the item in the image belongsto, and returns a list of eBay items similar to the given image. Sincethe current system uses pre-hashed images instead of live eBay images,currently only the image URLs of the pre-hashed images are returned.Example input and output are as follows:

D. getSimilarImages method:

GET Request:

HTTP://d-sjc- dgolovnya:8080/imageServiceAPIServlets/SimilarImages?method= getSimilarImages&count=5&category=Womens%20Bags&url= HTTP://d-sjc-jeolson:8080/purse.jpg

Response:

<rsp stat=“ok”> <items> <item>HTTP://d-sjc- dgolovnya:8080/Images/eBayWomensBags/26041904904.jpg</item><item>HTTP://d-sjc- dgolovnya:8080/Images/eBayWomensBags/12043680357.jpg</item><item>HTTP://d-sjc- dgolovnya:8080/Images/eBayWomensBags/110162411181.jpg</item><item>HTTP://d-sjc- dgolovnya:8080/Images/eBayWomensBags/304030945.jpg</item><item>HTTP://d-sjc- dgolovnya:8080/Images/eBayWomensBags/3041260162.jpg</item> </items></rsp>

As illustrated in FIG. 3A, email generator 116 is responsible forchecking for new email messages, processing those messages, and sendinga response message back to the sender. The process begins on initiationof an email application used and controlled by email generator 116. Adedicated email box is checked for new emails periodically, such asevery five seconds. Email box checking may be performed on occurrence ofan event, such as in response to a request received at image API layer106. When a new email is retrieved, sender information, subject linedata, and image data, either included or attached, is extracted fromeach email message.

Once extracted, the image data is saved to the server running the emailgenerator 116. Links to the images are sent along with the GET requestsmade to the servlets in the image API layer 106. When an email isreceived without an image, an error message is sent to the sender.Similarly, an error message is sent if the subject line does not containinformation in a format specified for image processing. In one exampleembodiment, when an email is received having multiple images, the firstattached image is processed and others are ignored.

When a received email contains both a valid image file and a validsubject line, a GET request is made to a servlet in image API layer 106;the particular servlet is specified in the subject line of the email.Once a request is made, and email generator 116 receives the responseback from the API servlet, email generator 116 processes the receivedinformation to generate and output results.

Implementations of user layer 102 may vary for different embodiments.For example, one embodiment uses an email web interface, such as Gmailby Google, a mobile communication interface, such as an email interfacefor an iPhone by Apple, and a custom web interface. In operation, a usermay access system layer 104 and image API layer 106 by sending an emailto a dedicated email address. This may be done directly from a mobilecommunication interface, such as from an iPhone email interface,providing convenience and flexibility in using image services. The userthen receives a response from the system containing results of the imagebased query. Alternate email interfaces and client applications runningon a mobile device may communicate in a similar manner. Similarprocessing is also enabled for web interfaces having an email interface.

Additionally, system layer 104 includes an HTTP generator 118, whichprovides a web interface. HTTP generator 118 makes GET and POST callsdirectly to image API layer 106, and receives XML responses. Asillustrated in FIG. 3A, web interface 112 in user layer 102 sends HTTPrequests to HTTP generator 118. Once a request is received, HTTPgenerator 118 processes the request, which often includes communicationwith image API layer 106 to facilitate image processing by imageservices 120. After processing a request, HTTP generator 118 sends aresponse to web interface 112 in the form of HTTP content.

Image API layer 106 and image services 120 provide a variety of imageprocessing services. An example image service is OCR with the abilityfor image API layer 106 to take in an image file of any source of text(e.g., a book cover, page of text, product label, etc.) which may beeither text only or may contain a barcode of the item. The API layer 106calls an OCR program, such as a command-line program, giving it theimage file as a parameter. When the OCR program is finished image APIlayer 106 receives the output string that is produced by OCR.

An application server, such as Apache Tomcat, may be used to hostservlets in image API layer 106. To expose these servlets to clientmachines, an IDE, such as Eclipse EE by Apache Foundation Software, maybe used to support web project development. In one embodiment, the IDEmaintains a log of modified or added Java classes as well as entries inthe configuration files. The IDE may then export a developed project asa Web Application aRchive (WAR) archive.

To complete the final implementation of the system 100, email generator116 and the API servlets each run on separate computers. This ensuresthat the computer running the servlets, which also processes the imagesthrough either the OCR program or the image comparison algorithm, isdedicated to that task and would not also have to be simultaneouslychecking for emails. This essentially allows each layer of the system tobe completely separated from each other layer, allowing for much moreflexibility. API servlets may be resident in system layer 104 or inimage layer 106. Additionally, when calling from user layer 102 to imagelayer 106, API servlets may be resident in user layer 102 as well.

In one example embodiment, system 100 is used to automatically generatea publication for an item or service based on an image. The publicationmay be an advertisement, product listing, or auction listing, such as inan ecommerce system. The image may be a picture of a product or an imageof identifying information associated with the product, such as abarcode, serial number, or unique identifier.

FIG. 5 illustrates a merchant tool module 521 used to generate listingsfor an ecommerce system, such as an auction system. Images aretransmitted to a publication system implemented by merchant tool module521.

In an example embodiment, merchant tool module 521 includes a displaymodule 522, a product module 524, a schedule module 526, a price module528, and a quantity module 530, as well as a bulk uploader 504, a demux506, a logic module 508, a non-volatile memory 514, a state machine 512,and a timing module 510.

A user input module 520 and at least one Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP) system 518 may be external to the merchant tool module 520. Note,more than one ERP system 518 may also feed into merchant tool module 520through bulk uploader 504. Also identified in FIG. 5 is a bulk feed 502which provides a path into merchant tool module 521 for providing bulkuploads from ERP system 518 and other databases 519. The ERP system 518may also be a spreadsheet or other form of database including datarelevant to a listing on a network-based trading marketplace or otherecommerce system. Bulk uploader 504 may receive product information fromERP system 518 and/or other databases 519. Multiple ERP systems 518and/or databases 519 may feed into bulk uploader 504. Bulk uploader 504may check the integrity of the data received from ERP system 518 byensuring the data matches the format of fields used for particularnetwork-based marketplace or trading platform, and upon completing theseintegrity checks, may input data received into a data aggregator ordemux 506. In one embodiment, bulk uploader 504 is a separate moduleaccessing and performing integrity checks on inventory associated with aplurality of databases across a plurality of network-based tradingenvironments.

In another embodiment, bulk uploader 504 may receive input regardingproduct information by automatically crawling databases or websites,such as using a digital spidering technique, or retrieving productinformation from at least one database at a seller and automaticallyapplying at least one password access algorithm. The product informationmay include image data, such as photographs, drawings or other images,and may include bar codes or other unique identifiers. The bulk uploader504 may automatically access and input password information to gainaccess to a plurality of databases of a high volume seller, and mayperiodically spider or search to determine whether there have been newdatabases added by a particular high volume seller, wherein newinformation is to be indexed and periodically monitored for uploadingproduct information into merchant tool module 521 through bulk uploader504.

In one embodiment, a user may input information into user input module520 to set one or more characteristics of a product, listing or image bymanually inputting data through an input device (not shown). In anotherembodiment, user input module 520 receives input regarding at least onedefined characteristic and tracks metrics from a group including profit,loss, revenue, seasonal preference, and listing effectiveness. Oncedemux 506 receives data from bulk uploader 504, demux 506 parses asingle file as uploaded from ERP system 518 into merchant tool module521 into individual products 507 for transmission to demux 506 and tologic module 508 for processing. Demux 406 is included for illustration,and other implementations may not include demux 506. Alternateembodiments may employ an operation to separate a table having multipleproducts into individual products.

Once logic module 508 receives data on individual products 507, logicmodule 508 uses non-volatile memory 514 and state machine 512 to assignand arrange individual products 507. Individual products (or listings)507 are assigned or arranged based on one or more characteristics withindisplay module 522. Characteristics may be determined by system 100 ormay be selected or input by a user. Additionally, individual products507 may be arranged with product module 524, schedule module 526, pricemodule 528 or quantity module 530. Logic module 508 may automaticallyassign characteristics to a particular listing. Operation of logicmodule 508 in performing various functions to prepare an item to belisted is described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 6. In oneembodiment, logic module 508 may be a pre-listing management logicmodule that receives plurality of defined characteristics and thatincludes at least some of the defined characteristics to prepare a newlisting.

In an example embodiment, user input module 520 allows a particular userto schedule listings and select a particular characteristic forapplication to one or more listings 507, to 507, received from demux 506into logic module 508. In an alternate embodiment, user input module 520contains a client-server based user interface, such as a standaloneapplication communicating over the Internet, from which a particularuser inputs criteria or characteristics they would like to see on aparticular listing uploaded from ERP system 518. For example, criteriamay be based on preset attributes within each one of modules 522, 524,526, 528, and 530, such as display, season, duration, and so forth.Non-volatile memory 514 may store one or more products 507 ₁ to 507_(n). For example, non-volatile memory 514 may store listings ofproducts after logic module 508 has associated a particularcharacteristic to one or more products 507 ₁ to 507 _(n). As such, logicmodule 508 associates individual products to attributes predefined by auser.

Continuing with FIG. 5, logic module 508 may be coupled to an examplealert module 509 and timing module 510. Alert module 509 may transmitalerts back to a user communicating with merchant tool module 521. Forexample, alerts may include an error in upload alert, an inconsistentcharacteristic association alert, a user input alert, and so forth. Inanother example, alert module 509 may automatically notify a seller thatat least one of a plurality of characteristics within display module522, product module 524, schedule module 526, price module 528, orquantity module 530 are not associated due to an association errorbetween a characteristic and a listing.

Timing module 510 may receive associated products. In addition, timingmodule 510 may also prepare listings to be initiated in network-basedmarketplace environments. By associating time phase elements to eachlisting, timing module 510 generates staged listings 516. For example,timing module 510 may identify or define when a particular listing ispresented live to users of the marketplace, how long listings aremaintained on the marketplace, and so on. Timing module 510 generatesstaged listings 516 which are uploaded to the marketplace environment.

Timing module 510 may also use a jitter application to apply atime-phased jitter to individual listings, such as where a number oflistings for a same product have different start and end times. Thiscreates time jittered listings. Time-phased jitter is a variation in thetime a listing is to start or end in order to allow for multiplelistings of a same product to list or start at slightly different timesthereby allowing potential buyers multiple opportunities to purchase aparticular type of product. The multiple products or multiple listingsof a same product may be uploaded into the system for such processing bya high volume seller. As an example, consider a sale of 10 widgets overan auction trading ecommerce marketplace, wherein all 10 widgets areindividually listed, and are scheduled to begin and end a few minutes orhours apart. This allows buyers multiple opportunities to submit asuccessful bid.

Details of logic module 508 are illustrated in FIG. 6, wherein logicmodule 508 includes multiplexer 600, plan module 606, arrange module602, and selection module 610. Multiplexer 600 may, for example, receivecharacteristic information from display module 522, from project module524, from schedule module 526, from price module 528, or from quantitymodule 530. Characteristic information may include product details, barcode information, unique identification information, database storageidentification information, inventory identification information, and soforth. Characteristics may also be features of image data, such ascolor, size, text format, text font, and so on.

The multiplexer 600 may pass information to arrange module 602 afteraggregating different combinations of characteristic information asapplied to a particular listing. Alternative embodiments implementalternate operations, in place of or in addition to multiplexer 600, tocombine characteristic information received from a plurality of modulesinto a table for use by arrange module 602.

Arrange module 602 may arrange how particular characteristics aredisplayed when a listing is made available to a user of a marketplaceenvironment. A logic algorithm may automatically determine how toarrange listings and how to display listings for a user. In one example,plan module 606 may receive information from demux 506, such asindividual products 507 ₁ to 507 _(n), and automatically determine whatinformation to include in a listing or detail page. Information mayinclude which items to list, what characteristics to list, whichparticular items to list, item statistics, and so forth. Arrange module602 and plan module 606 may communicate by coordinating which particularattribute and characteristic will be associated with a particularlisting. This information may then be provided to selection module 610to prepare listings for transmission to timing module 510. In this way,a seller-defined number of items may go live or be listed on a selectedday and in a staggered fashion, further listings for a second userdefined number of items may go live on another day.

As discussed above, image processing services, such as those supportingimage based search involves searching for similar images using aninterface, such as an API, for sending and receiving specificallyformatted emails. The image processing services may extend to imagebased searching using digital photographs of products, productinformation, barcodes, product identifiers, and so on. Alternateembodiments may include one or more of these image processing servicesconfigured according to the specific application and products involved.

Mobile, wireless and cellular technology extends network capabilitiesallowing users to move freely while maintaining a connection to theInternet. Mobile devices have built-in cameras with ever increasingresolution and high-speed data transmissions. By applying one or moreimage processing services to mobile technology, a user may retrieve livelistings from marketplace sites, such as from an eBay auction, by takinga photograph and sending it as an attachment to a specific URL address,email address, IP address or telephone number. In one embodiment, a usercommunicates this image information via email, due to the ubiquitousaccess to POP and SMTP client software, which is available for a varietyof operating platforms, including wireless operating systems for mobiledevices, such as PDAs, cellular phones, and other wireless devices.

In yet another application, various algorithms are developed to findimages similar to input image information. The algorithms analyze areceived image and produce results based on characteristics, such asshape, color, and texture of the given image. Note that in oneembodiment, image information is input into merchant tool module 521,where the information is processed according to characteristics andother criteria, and the resultant information mapped to products isstored in product database 622.

FIG. 7 illustrates a method for identifying products from input imagedata. Method 700 begins by capturing, 702, mage information, such aswhen a user takes a photograph or picture of an object to match to aproduct. A message is created, 704, with the image, such as wherein acaptured image is included in an email, which is created and addressedto a specified account. One embodiment uses a dedicated email alias foreasy access. The photograph may be included in the email or may be sentalong with the email as attachment. Similarly, the message may bemessage sent in a communication protocol, such as an HTTP message. Inone embodiment, the method then determines, 706, a category of theobject in the photograph. Determination of a category may be automatedprocessing, wherein a category is selected based on characteristics orparameters of the image data, or determination may be sent as aninstruction. Such instruction or information may be sent as an email orHTTP message, and may be included with the image data or data object, ormay be sent as a separate message.

Determination of a category may be in response to a user selection orspecification of a category of the item. The category assists inlocating a corresponding product. The category may be provided as acommand in a subject line of an email, which follows simple commandlanguage rules, or may be communicated by a predetermined signallingprotocol. For example, a command to identify images in category “Women'sbags” may be given as:

image compare Womens Bags

wherein the request email structure is given as:

from: Denis Golden to: erl-image-service@marketplace.com date: Wed. Feb.27, 2008 at 10:33 AM subject: image compare Womens Bags mailed by: mailprogramMethod 700 continues to send, 708, the message to an image processingservice. Note, as illustrated in FIG. 3A, the message may be sentdirectly to image API layer 106 or may be sent via system layer 104. Ineither situation, the message is parsed to determine, 712, the type ofimage service requested. When the message is sent to system layer 104,this layer translates, 714, the message to generate an input consistentwith the API format of image API layer 106. This is an optional step,that is not needed when the message is sent directly to image API layer106. System layer 104 is to receive emails including the image data andthe image request. This facilitates easy communication between userlayer 102 and image processing services 120. On detection of a new emailsent to the account being monitored, information is extracted from thesubject line from the email and in response, appropriate algorithms areidentified and run. The request is then sent to an image API where it isprocessed, 716, according to the request. The use of an image APIavailable at the system layer avoids having a user set up or implement aUI with image processing. Once the image service is determined, themethod processes the image data according to the selected image service.For example, the method may compare object images to product databasesto identify a match. In the present example, a match indicates an objector product for sale, which is presented to a user interested in findingsuch products.

The method then compares, 718, the image to a product database accordingto the category selected or determined. Upon retrieval of productinformation, a report is provided, 720, to the requester. The report mayprovide an identifier associated with a product or products related tothe image, a detail page of information related to such product(s), orother information for locating and identifying the product. The reportmay further suggest other categories of products related to the image.The methods of FIG. 7 may be extended to include a fraud detectionmethod, as detailed hereinbelow with respect to FIG. 12. Accordingly,the image may be compared against a product database to identifyfraudulent products or information.

An example of image processing, such as according to a method of FIG. 7,is illustrated in FIG. 8, for a received object 131, which is input forimage processing, the method searches for similar images in Women's Bagscategory. Once comparisons are made and similar objects are found, alist of images 141 is provided to the requester. The response may havethe same look and feel as the marketplace website. The response emaildisplays the first five similar images found in the database.

Another application of image processing services, as discussedhereinabove, is optical recognition of barcodes. A requester submitsimage information, such as a photograph of the barcode. As illustratedin FIG. 3A, barcode information is passed from user layer 102 to systemlayer 104, which then interfaces with image API layer 106 to initiateimage processing services. Once a barcode is recognized, the systemlayer 104 requests image API layer 106 to retrieve items correspondingto the barcode, such as from product databases or from a live auctioninformation. Using this approach, the user does not need to provideadditional information, such as the brand or model for electronicdevices to obtain the list of the items of the same kind. The systemlayer 104 manages all communication with image processing services,including complicated marketplace specific communications and calls, aswell as interfacing with OCR processes. The end user simply sends anemail to the system and gets back a reply containing links to live eBayauctions. The requesting email may contain an image of the barcode alongwith an appropriate subject line. The subject line may be of thefollowing format, including:

barcode items

wherein the request email structure is given as:

from: Denis Golden to: erl-image-service@marketplace.com date: Wed. Feb.27, 2008 at 11:23 AM subject: barcode items mailed by: mail programAn example of an attached image of a scan of the barcode is provided inFIG. 9. In this case, the barcode 151 corresponds to a popular novel.The results 153 are provided to the user as a set of items correspondingto the barcode information. In one embodiment, results include otherbooks related to the book associated with the barcode.

Whenever a new email is received, image-processing information may beincluded in the subject line of the email. Image processing uses acharacter recognition application to identify the instruction or commandassociated with the subject line. Continuing with method 700, comparingan object image, which in this case is a barcode, to products in aproduct database, 712, will retrieve specific items. The responseincludes listings for items matching the barcode. The response may beprovided as an email with titles, current bids, and other relevant dataof the various marketplace activity and status. A user then receives theresponse email within which the user is able to select items, or clickon the images, to be redirected directly to the marketplace seller'spage for the item or product. The process may automate and allow log-inand bidding on the items of interest.

Further example embodiments may include the ability to work with liveauctions when searching for similar images. In this way, an image APImay operate in real time monitoring a user's activity, so as to includethe user's activity in at least one of the image processing steps. Forexample, the user's activity or history may indicate a reduced number ofcategories to select from or to present to the user for selection.Similarly, the user's activity may provide information as to how toexpand the search for items.

A high volume marketplace, according to one embodiment, implementsseveral dedicated servers to manage the hashing of incoming images. Inone example, the image processing targets specific categories. Variousother algorithms may be employed for extracting features information,such as based on color, shape or texture, and inserting such informationin a database for future comparisons.

As discussed herein, methods and apparatus for image recognitionservices is provided wherein a request is made to an applicationinterface, wherein commands included in a communication instruct imageprocessing services as to a requested type of image service. In oneembodiment, the communication is an HTTP message, such as is sent usinga GET/POST protocol. Alternate embodiments may implement other forms ofcommunication allowing ease of interface with the image processingservice. In one embodiment, a communication is made by an email, whereina command is included in the subject line of the email. In a mobileembodiment, a communication is part of a signalling protocol, whereincommands are included in the message sent from a user's mobile device toa network. A system layer of the network receives the requests andinterfaces with the image processing services and applications. Theimage processing includes an image based search, wherein thecommunication receives an image of a product or item to identify, andthe service compares the received image to a database of products. Thereceived image may be a barcode of a product to be matched to acorresponding product. Another service offered by the image processingservices is OCR, wherein textual information is recovered from areceived image and used to identify products or images. In oneembodiment, image processing services are used to develop a listing of aproduct or item for sale or auction. In still another embodiment, imageprocessing services are used for fraud detection and to confirm theaccuracy of a commerce transaction, such as a sale or auction item beingoffered at a correct price, or that the detail information associatedwith the product is correct.

Other embodiments may implement alternate communication techniques,wherein commands and instructions for image processing are included inthe messaging or signalling. Email messaging may be used either in astand alone email application or via a website. A user application layerallows use of email clients as well as web browsers to interact withboth the system layer and the image API layer of a networked computingenvironment. Further embodiments may include other user layer extensionsto interact with various portions of system layer 104.

An example system layer manages email messages using an email contentgenerator; however, alternate embodiments may include additions tosystem layer 104 such as extensions to manage Web content as well. Suchextension may accept a request from a web browser in user layer 102,forward the request to image API layer 106, receive an XML response, andformat the response to send to the original requester or user. Thesystem layer 104 may further add security or other processing accordingto the requirements of the network and user. Formatted data is then sentback to a web browser. It will be appreciated that there are also manyother possible ways to generate content and these may be incorporatedwithin system layer 104.

Image API layer 106 may be further extended to implement otherfunctions, in addition to OCR and image comparison services. Whiledescribed herein as using a dedicated Java servlet for each task, imageservices may be implemented in a variety of ways using other programminglanguages and architectures. Extending the system may include creating anew Java servlet to handle each new image service. The servlet may mapeach function in a new image service to a method request, which isdefined in a communication format. Additionally, the image processingservices may handle various parameters made as part of the HTTP GET orPOST request.

The above described example embodiment provides a highly extensiblesystem to interact with various types of image services. An image APIlayer 106 handles HTTP GET and POST requests and generates appropriateXML responses. This includes the ability to interpret communicationswhere information is included in a URL or subject line and where imagedata is attached. For example, the image API layer 106 is able toreceive a generic GET request, such as:

/<service>?method=<method_name>&<parameters>

-   -   Generic XML response:

<rsp stat=“ok”>   [Data in XML format - see individual methods] </rsp>Similarly, the image API layer 106 supports OCR responsible for text andbarcode recognition.

FIG. 10 illustrates a method for processing images in a system such asillustrated in FIG. 3A, wherein the system first receives, 802, an imageservice request. In response to the request, the system retrieves, 804,image data from the request. The system submits, 806, the image data toan image service, which processes, 808, the image data providing, 810,results to the requester.

FIG. 11 further details the operation of processing, 808, image data,wherein a first decision is made, 830, as to the type of image datareceived. For barcode information, processing continues to map, 822, thebarcode data to a corresponding item in a product database. Further, themethod identifies, 824, other similar items, which may be done accordingto product category, color, size, or other characteristic of theproduct. Results are then sent, 826, to the requester. Additionally, adatabase may be maintained with the mapping of the received data imageand the corresponding product(s) retrieved, 828, from the productdatabase. By maintaining such records, future image comparison andretrieval of product records is enhanced, as retrievals may search asmaller collection of products to find a match. In one embodiment,future comparison and search is done in parallel, wherein one search isdone on the complete product database, while a second search is doneusing the compiled information from previous searches. When a match isfound, an initial result is available for the requester.

Continuing with FIG. 11, if the image data is graphic data, such asphotographic type data, the specific image processing service typerequested is determined, 832. For a comparison type image processingservice, the method determines, 834, the parameters to be used inanalyzing the image. The parameters may refer to characteristics of theitem or product, such as size, color, texture, and so forth.Additionally, the parameters may specify particulars of how to analyzethe image. Similarly, if the image processing service type is OCR, themethod extracts, 836, textual information. Alternate embodiments mayinclude other image processing in combination or in place of thoseillustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11. Similarly, the image processing mayinvolve multiple steps, wherein a first image processing service isperformed resulting in a processed image, and then a second imageprocessing service is performed resulting in a final image. For example,the image may include borders or spurious markings not intended forinclusion in the image. Processing may include steps to clarify theimage by removing such elements and marks. Further, it may be desirableto extract or read bar code information and also to compare an image ofa product to a product database, such as for fraud detection or forincreased certainty of the comparison. Further, while the method of FIG.11 relates to barcode and photo image data, other images may beconsidered as well, including, graphic images prepared by hand or byelectronic means. Such image data may be scanned into a computing deviceor computing system and provided as input for image processing services.

In another aspect, image services may implement fraud detection. Certaindefault assumptions may be made with respect to the publication orlisting, or be included within the publication as publication data. Forexample, a certain price may be automatically associated with a productthat is advertised for sale in the listing, based on the pricing ofsimilar or comparable items that are currently being offered for sale,or have been sold in the past have via a transaction platform supportedby a publication system.

FIG. 12 illustrates a module 900 for fraud detection using image basedinformation. Product information, such as characteristics or otherinformation either received from the input image data or from user inputor selection, is provided to fraud detection unit 920. On receipt of theproduct information, fraud detection unit 920 determines appropriateinformation for comparison, and accesses product information in productdatabase 922. Appropriate information may be a function of the productinformation matched to input image data, or may be a function of aseller or user selected category of products. Fraud detection unit 920matches the received information to information stored in productdatabase 922, and where the received information is consistent with thestored information, a confirmation is provided indicating valid imagesand product information. If, however, the information is not consistent,then a fraud alert is provided.

In an example embodiment, image processing services 120 may enable afraud prevention function to automatically provide an indication as towhether a particular item is a genuine or fraudulent item, based on acomparison of an image, e-mailed or otherwise transmitted to the system,with a stored collection of images of either genuine or fraudulentitems. Certain features of an item may be flagged within the system forparticular scrutiny and as being particularly indicative of whether anitem is fraudulent or genuine. Fraud detection unit 620 is thereforeadapted for image comparison and image compression to accomplish suchprocessing.

Continuing with FIG. 12, in one example of image based fraud prevention,image information is captured and sent to fraud detection unit 920 forcomparison to product database 922. On identification of valid image inproduct database 922, confirmation results are provided to therequester. On detection of a fraudulent product, fraud detection unit920 sends a fraud notification to the requester, as well as storingfraud information in fraud records 924. By storing the identifiedfraudulent information, this information is available for storing andindexing, which may then be used in future fraud detection or imagerecognition services. Fraud detection provides confidence that anadvertisement or offer is genuine and may assist a user to avoidIntellectual Property (IP) infringement, such as by providing infringinggoods for sale. In one embodiment, a fraud notification includes imagedata previously classified as fraud. In combination with bulk uploadingof images, such as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, fraud detectiontechniques enable bulk processing of multiple images to identifyknock-offs or other illicit goods.

FIG. 13 is a network diagram depicting a client-server system 200,within which one example embodiment may be deployed. A networked system202, in the example form of a network-based marketplace or publicationsystem, provides server-side functionality, via a network 204 (e.g., theInternet or Wide Area Network (WAN)) to one or more clients. FIG. 13illustrates, for example, a web client 206 (e.g., a browser, such as theInternet Explorer browser developed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond,Wash. State), and a programmatic client 208 executing on client machine210.

An API server 214 and a web server 216 are coupled to, and provideprogrammatic and web interfaces respectively to, one or more applicationservers. The application servers 238 host one or more publicationapplications 220 and payment applications 222. The application servers228 and 238 are, in turn, shown to be coupled to one or more databasesservers 224 that facilitate access to one or more databases 226.

The marketplace applications 220 may provide a number of marketplacefunctions and services to users that access the networked system 202.The payment applications 222 may likewise provide a number of paymentservices and functions to users. The payment applications 222 may allowusers to accumulate value (e.g., in a commercial currency, such as theU.S. dollar, or a proprietary currency, such as “points”) in accounts,and then to later redeem the accumulated value for products (e.g., goodsor services) that are made available via the marketplace applications220. While both the marketplace and payment applications 220 and 222 areshown in FIG. 13 to form part of the networked system 202, it will beappreciated that, in alternative embodiments, the payment applications222 may form part of a payment service that is separate and distinctfrom the networked system 202.

Further, while the system 200 shown in FIG. 13 employs a client-serverarchitecture, the present methods, apparatus and examples are of coursenot limited to such an architecture, and may equally well findapplication in a distributed, or peer-to-peer, architecture system, forexample. The various marketplace and payment applications 220 and 222may also be implemented as standalone software programs, which do notnecessarily have networking capabilities.

The web client 206 accesses the various marketplace and paymentapplications 220 and 222 via the web interface supported by the webserver 216. Similarly, the programmatic client 208 accesses the variousservices and functions provided by the marketplace and paymentapplications 220 and 222 via the programmatic interface provided by theAPI server 214. The programmatic client 208 may, for example, be aseller application to enable sellers to author and manage listings onthe networked system 202 in an off-line manner, and to performbatch-mode communications between the programmatic client 208 and thenetworked system 202.

FIG. 13 also illustrates a third party application 228, executing on athird party server machine 230, as having programmatic access to thenetworked system 202 via the programmatic interface provided by the APIserver 214. For example, the third party application 228 may, utilizinginformation retrieved from the networked system 202, support one or morefeatures or functions on a website hosted by the third party. The thirdparty website may, for example, provide one or more promotional,marketplace or payment functions that are supported by the relevantapplications of the networked system 202.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating multiple applications that, inone example embodiment, are provided as part of the networked system202. The applications may be hosted on dedicated or shared servermachines (not shown) that are communicatively coupled to enablecommunications between server machines. The applications themselves arecommunicatively coupled (e.g., via appropriate interfaces) to each otherand to various data sources, so as to allow information to be passedbetween the applications or so as to allow the applications to share andaccess common data. The applications may furthermore access one or moredatabases 226 via the database servers 224.

The networked system 202 may provide a number of publishing, listing andprice-setting mechanisms whereby a seller may list (or publishinformation concerning) goods or services for sale, a buyer can expressinterest in or indicate a desire to purchase such goods or services, anda price can be set for a transaction pertaining to the goods orservices. To this end, the applications are shown to include at leastone publication application 300 and one or more auction applications 302which support auction-format listing and price setting mechanisms (e.g.,English, Dutch, Vickrey, Chinese, Double, Reverse auctions etc.). Thevarious auction applications 302 may also provide a number of featuresin support of such auction-format listings, such as a reserve pricefeature whereby a seller may specify a reserve price in connection witha listing and a proxy-bidding feature whereby a bidder may invokeautomated proxy bidding.

A number of fixed-price applications 304 support fixed-price listingformats (e.g., the traditional classified advertisement-type listing ora catalogue listing) and buyout-type listings. Specifically, buyout-typelistings (e.g., including the Buy-It-Now (BIN) technology developed byeBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) may be offered in conjunction withauction-format listings, and allow a buyer to purchase goods orservices, which are also being offered for sale via an auction, for afixed-price that is typically higher than the starting price of theauction.

Store applications 306 allow a seller to group listings within a“virtual” store, which may be branded and otherwise personalized by andfor the seller. Such a virtual store may also offer promotions,incentives and features that are specific and personalized to a relevantseller.

Reputation applications 308 allow users that transact, utilizing thenetworked system 202, to establish, build and maintain reputations,which may be made available and published to potential trading partners.Consider that where, for example, the networked system 202 supportsperson-to-person trading, users may otherwise have no history or otherreference information whereby the trustworthiness and credibility ofpotential trading partners may be assessed. The reputation applications308 allow a user, for example through feedback provided by othertransaction partners, to establish a reputation within the networkedsystem 202 over time. Other potential trading partners may thenreference such a reputation for the purposes of assessing credibilityand trustworthiness.

Personalization applications 310 allow users of the networked system 202to personalize various aspects of their interactions with the networkedsystem 202. For example a user may, utilizing an appropriatepersonalization application 310, create a personalized reference page atwhich information regarding transactions to which the user is (or hasbeen) a party may be viewed. Further, a personalization application 310may enable a user to personalize listings and other aspects of theirinteractions with the networked system 202 and other parties.

The networked system 202 may support a number of marketplaces that arecustomized, for example, for specific geographic regions. A version ofthe networked system 202 may be customized for the United Kingdom,whereas another version of the networked system 202 may be customizedfor the United States. Each of these versions may operate as anindependent marketplace, or may be customized (or internationalized)presentations of a common underlying marketplace. The networked system202 may accordingly include a number of internationalizationapplications 312 that customize information (and/or the presentation ofinformation) by the networked system 202 according to predeterminedcriteria (e.g., geographic, demographic or marketplace criteria). Forexample, the internationalization applications 312 may be used tosupport the customization of information for a number of regionalwebsites that are operated by the networked system 202 and that areaccessible via respective web servers 216.

Navigation of the networked system 202 may be facilitated by one or morenavigation applications 314. For example, a search application (as anexample of a navigation application) may enable key word searches oflistings published via the networked system 202. A browse applicationmay allow users to browse various category, catalogue, or inventory datastructures according to which listings may be classified within thenetworked system 202. Various other navigation applications may beprovided to supplement the search and browsing applications.

In order to make listings, available via the networked system 202, asvisually informing and attractive as possible, the marketplaceapplications 220 may include one or more imaging applications 316 whichusers may utilize to upload images for inclusion within listings. Animaging application 316 also operates to incorporate images withinviewed listings. The imaging applications 316 may also support one ormore promotional features, such as image galleries that are presented topotential buyers. For example, sellers may pay an additional fee to havean image included within a gallery of images for promoted items.

Publications creation 318 allows sellers to conveniently author listingspertaining to goods or services that they wish to transact via thenetworked system 202, and publication management 320 allows sellers tomanage such listings. Specifically, where a particular seller hasauthored and/or published a large number of listings, the management ofsuch listings may present a challenge. The listing managementapplications 320 provide a number of features (e.g., auto-relisting,inventory level monitors, etc.) to assist the seller in managing suchlistings. One or post publication management 322 also assist sellerswith a number of activities that typically occur post-listing. Forexample, upon completion of an auction facilitated by one or moreauction applications 302, a seller may wish to leave feedback regardinga particular buyer. To this end, a post-listing management application322 may provide an interface to one or more reputation applications 308,so as to allow the seller to conveniently provide feedback regardingmultiple buyers to the reputation applications 308.

Dispute resolution applications 324 provide mechanisms whereby disputesarising between transacting parties may be resolved. For example, thedispute resolution applications 324 may provide guided procedureswhereby the parties are guided through a number of steps in an attemptto settle a dispute. In the event that the dispute cannot be settled viathe guided procedures, the dispute may be escalated to a third partymediator or arbitrator.

A number of fraud prevention applications 326 implement fraud detectionand prevention mechanisms to reduce the occurrence of fraud within thenetworked system 202.

Messaging applications 328 are responsible for the generation anddelivery of messages to users of the networked system 202, suchmessages, for example, advising users regarding the status of listingsat the networked system 202 (e.g., providing “outbid” notices to biddersduring an auction process or to provide promotional and merchandisinginformation to users). Respective messaging applications 328 may utilizeany one of a number of message delivery networks and platforms todeliver messages to users. For example, messaging applications 328 maydeliver e-mail, Instant Message (IM), SMS, text, facsimile, or voice(e.g., Voice over IP (VoIP)) messages via the wired (e.g., theInternet), Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), or wireless (e.g.,mobile, cellular, WiFi, WiMAX) networks.

Merchandising applications 330 support various merchandising functionsthat are made available to sellers to enable sellers to increase salesvia the networked system 202. The merchandising applications 330 alsooperate the various merchandising features that may be invoked bysellers and may monitor and track the success of merchandisingstrategies employed by sellers.

The networked system 202 itself, or one or more parties that transactvia the networked system 202, may operate loyalty programs that aresupported by one or more donations applications 332. For example, abuyer may earn loyalty or promotions points for each transactionestablished and/or concluded with a particular seller, and may therebybe offered a reward for which accumulated loyalty points can beredeemed.

Returning to FIG. 13, various tables may be maintained within thedatabases 226, and may be utilized by and support the applications 220and 222. A user table contains a record for each registered user of thenetworked system 202, and may include identifier, address and financialinstrument information pertaining to each such registered user. A usermay operate as a seller, a buyer, or both within the networked system202. In one example embodiment, a buyer may be a user that hasaccumulated value (e.g., commercial or proprietary currency), and isaccordingly able to exchange the accumulated value for items that areoffered for sale by the networked system 202.

The tables also include an items table in which are maintained itemrecords for goods and services that are available to be, or have been,transacted via the networked system 202. Each item record within theitems table may furthermore be linked to one or more user records withinthe user table, so as to associate a seller and one or more actual orpotential buyers with each item record.

A transaction table contains a record for each transaction (e.g., apurchase or sale transaction) pertaining to items for which recordsexist within the items table.

An order table is populated with order records, with each order recordbeing associated with an order. Each order, in turn, may be processedwith respect to one or more transactions for which records exist withinthe transaction table.

Bid records within a bids table each relate to a bid received at thenetworked system 202 in connection with an auction-format listingsupported by an auction application 302. A feedback table is utilized byone or more reputation applications 308, in one example embodiment, toconstruct and maintain reputation information concerning users. Ahistory table maintains a history of transactions to which a user hasbeen a party. One or more attributes tables record attribute informationpertaining to items for which records exist within the items table.Considering only a single example of such an attribute, the attributestables may indicate a currency attribute associated with a particularitem, the currency attribute identifying the currency of a price for therelevant item as specified in by a seller.

Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a numberof components, modules, or mechanisms. A component is a tangible unitcapable of performing certain operations and may be configured orarranged in a certain manner. In example embodiments, one or morecomputer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system)or one or more components of a computer system (e.g., a processor or agroup of processors) may be configured by software (e.g., an applicationor application portion) as a component that operates to perform certainoperations as described herein.

In various embodiments, a component may be implemented mechanically orelectronically. For example, a component may comprise dedicatedcircuitry or logic that is permanently configured (e.g., as aspecial-purpose processor) to perform certain operations. A componentmay also comprise programmable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassedwithin a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor) thatis temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. Itwill be appreciated that the decision to implement a componentmechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or intemporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may bedriven by cost and time considerations.

Accordingly, the term “component” should be understood to encompass atangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed,permanently configured (e.g., hardwired) or temporarily configured(e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner and/or to performcertain operations described herein. Considering embodiments in whichcomponents are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of thecomponents need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance intime. For example, where the components comprise a general-purposeprocessor configured using software, the general-purpose processor maybe configured as respective different components at different times.Software may accordingly configure a processor, for example, toconstitute a particular component at one instance of time and toconstitute a different component at a different instance of time.

Components can provide information to, and receive information from,other components. Accordingly, the described components may be regardedas being communicatively coupled. Where multiples of such componentsexist contemporaneously, communications may be achieved through signaltransmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) that connectthe components. In embodiments in which multiple components areconfigured or instantiated at different times, communications betweensuch components may be achieved, for example, through the storage andretrieval of information in memory structures to which the multiplecomponents have access. For example, one component may perform anoperation and store the output of that operation in a memory device towhich it is communicatively coupled. A further component may then, at alater time, access the memory device to retrieve and process the storedoutput. Components may also initiate communication with input or outputdevices and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection ofinformation).

Example embodiments may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry,or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them.Example embodiments may be implemented using a computer program product,such as a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier,or a computer program in a machine-readable medium for execution by, orto control the operation of, data processing apparatus including, butnot limited to, a programmable processor, a computer, or multiplecomputers.

A computer program can be written in any form of programming language,including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed inany form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, subroutine,or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computerprogram can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiplecomputers at one site or distributed across multiple sites andinterconnected by a communication network.

In example embodiments, operations may be performed by one or moreprogrammable processors executing a computer program to performfunctions by operating on input data and generating output. Methodoperations can also be performed by, and apparatus of exampleembodiments may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry(e.g., a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or an Application-SpecificIntegrated Circuit (ASIC)).

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other. Inembodiments deploying a programmable computing system, it will beappreciated that that both hardware and software architectures requireconsideration. Specifically, it will be appreciated that the choice ofwhether to implement certain functionality in permanently configuredhardware (e.g., an ASIC), in temporarily configured hardware (e.g., acombination of software and a programmable processor), or a combinationof permanently and temporarily configured hardware may be a designchoice. Below are set out hardware (e.g., machine) and softwarearchitectures that may be deployed, in various example embodiments.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of machine in the example form of a computersystem 400 within which instructions, for causing the machine to performany one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed.

In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone deviceor may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networkeddeployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or aclient machine in server-client network environment, or as a peermachine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. Themachine may be a Personal Computer (PC), a tablet PC, a Set-Top Box(STB), a PDA, a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router,switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions(sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by thatmachine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term“machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines thatindividually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructionsto perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

The example computer system 400 includes a processor 402 (e.g., aCentral Processing Unit (CPU), a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) orboth), a main memory 404, and a static memory 406, which communicatewith each other via a bus 408. The computer system 400 may furtherinclude a video display unit 410 (e.g., a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)or a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)). The computer system 400 also includes analphanumeric input device 412 (e.g., a keyboard), a User Interface (UI)navigation device or cursor control device 414 (e.g., a mouse), a diskdrive unit 416, a signal generation device 418 (e.g., a speaker) and anetwork interface device 420.

The disk drive unit 416 includes a machine-readable medium 422 on whichis stored one or more sets of instructions and data structures (e.g.,software 424) embodying or utilized by any one or more of themethodologies or functions described herein. The software 424 may alsoreside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 404and/or within the processor 402 during execution thereof by the computersystem 400, with the main memory 404 and the processor 402 alsoconstituting machine-readable media.

While the machine-readable medium 422 is shown in an example embodimentto be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” may include asingle medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributeddatabase, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one ormore instructions or data structures. The term “machine-readable medium”shall also be taken to include any tangible medium that is capable ofstoring, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machineand that cause the machine to perform any one or more of themethodologies presented herein or that is capable of storing, encodingor carrying data structures utilized by or associated with suchinstructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly betaken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, andoptical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine-readable mediainclude non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductormemory devices, e.g., Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM),Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), and flashmemory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removabledisks; magneto-optical disks; and Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)discs and Digital Video Disc-Read Only Memory (DVD-ROM) discs.

The software 424 may further be transmitted or received over acommunications network 426 using a transmission medium. The software 424may be transmitted using the network interface device 420 and any one ofa number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP). Examples ofcommunication networks include a Local Area Network (LAN), a WAN, theInternet, mobile telephone networks, Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., WiFi and WiMAX networks).The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangiblemedium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions forexecution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communicationssignals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of suchsoftware.

In some embodiments, the described methods may be implemented using adistributed or non-distributed software application designed under athree-tier architecture paradigm. Under this paradigm, various parts ofcomputer code (or software) that instantiate or configure components ormodules may be categorized as belonging to one or more of these threetiers. Some embodiments may include a first tier as an interface (e.g.,an interface tier). Further, a second tier may be a logic (orapplication) tier that performs application processing of data inputtedthrough the interface level. The logic tier may communicate the resultsof such processing to the interface tier and/or to a backend, or storagetier. The processing performed by the logic tier may relate to certainrules or processes that govern the software as a whole. A third,storage, tier may be a persistent storage medium or a non-persistentstorage medium. In some cases, one or more of these tiers may becollapsed into another, resulting in a two-tier architecture, or even aone-tier architecture. For example, the interface and logic tiers may beconsolidated, or the logic and storage tiers may be consolidated, as inthe case of a software application with an embedded database. Thethree-tier architecture may be implemented using one technology or avariety of technologies. The example three-tier architecture, and thetechnologies through which it is implemented, may be realized on one ormore computer systems operating, for example, as a stand alone system,or organized in a server-client, peer-to-peer, distributed or so someother suitable configuration. Further, these three tiers may bedistributed between more than one computer systems as variouscomponents.

Example embodiments may include the above described tiers, and processesor operations about constituting these tiers may be implemented ascomponents. Common to many of these components is the ability togenerate, use, and manipulate data. The components, and thefunctionality associated with each, may form part of stand alone,client, server, or peer computer systems. The various components may beimplemented by a computer system on an as-needed basis. These componentsmay include software written in an object-oriented computer languagesuch that a component oriented, or object-oriented programming techniquecan be implemented using a Visual Component Library (VCL), ComponentLibrary for Cross Platform (CLX), Java Beans (JB), Java Enterprise Beans(EJB), Component Object Model (COM), Distributed Component Object Model(DCOM), or other suitable technique.

Software for these components may further enable communicative couplingto other components (e.g., via various APIs), and may be compiled intoone complete server, client, and/or peer software application. Further,these APIs may be able to communicate through various distributedprogramming protocols as distributed computing components.

Some example embodiments may include remote procedure calls being usedto implement one or more of the above described components across adistributed programming environment as distributed computing components.For example, an interface component (e.g., an interface tier) may formpart of a first computer system that is remotely located from a secondcomputer system containing a logic component (e.g., a logic tier). Thesefirst and second computer systems may be configured in a stand alone,server-client, peer-to-peer, or some other suitable configuration.Software for the components may be written using the above describedobject-oriented programming techniques, and can be written in the sameprogramming language, or a different programming language. Variousprotocols may be implemented to enable these various components tocommunicate regardless of the programming language used to write thesecomponents. For example, a component written in C++ may be able tocommunicate with another component written in the Java programminglanguage through utilizing a distributed computing protocol such as aCommon Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), a Simple ObjectAccess Protocol (SOAP), or some other suitable protocol. Someembodiments may include the use of one or more of these protocols withthe various protocols outlined in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model or TCP/IP protocol stack model for defining the protocols used bya network to transmit data.

Example embodiments may use the OSI model or TCP/IP protocol stack modelfor defining the protocols used by a network to transmit data. Inapplying these models, a system of data transmission between a serverand client, or between peer computer systems may, for example, includefive layers comprising: an application layer, a transport layer, anetwork layer, a data link layer, and a physical layer. In the case ofsoftware, for instantiating or configuring components, having athree-tier architecture, the various tiers (e.g., the interface, logic,and storage tiers) reside on the application layer of the TCP/IPprotocol stack. In an example implementation, using the TCP/IP protocolstack model, data from an application residing at the application layeris loaded into the data load field of a TCP segment residing at thetransport layer. This TCP segment also contains port information for arecipient software application residing remotely. This TCP segment isloaded into the data load field of an IP datagram residing at thenetwork layer. Next, this IP datagram is loaded into a frame residing atthe data link layer. This frame is then encoded at the physical layer,and the data transmitted over a network such as an internet, LAN, WAN,or some other suitable network. In some cases, internet refers to anetwork of networks. These networks may use a variety of protocols forthe exchange of data, including the aforementioned TCP/IP, andadditionally Asynchronous Transmission Mode (ATM) or some other suitableprotocol. These networks may be organized within a variety of topologies(e.g., a star topology), or structures.

Although an embodiment has been described with reference to specificexample embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications andchanges may be made to these embodiments. Accordingly, the specificationand drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than arestrictive sense. The accompanying drawings that form a part hereofshow by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specific embodimentsin which the subject matter may be practiced. The embodimentsillustrated are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilledin the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein. Other embodimentsmay be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logicalsubstitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scopeof this disclosure. This Detailed Description, therefore, is not to betaken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various embodiments isdefined only by the appended claims, along with the full range ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred toherein, individually and/or collectively, by the term “invention” merelyfor convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope ofthis application to any single invention or inventive concept if morethan one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments havebeen illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that anyarrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substitutedfor the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to coverany and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments.Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments notspecifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in theart upon reviewing the above description.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b), requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to quicklyascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted withthe understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit thescope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing DetailedDescription, it can be seen that various features are grouped togetherin a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure.This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting anintention that the claimed embodiments require more features than areexpressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claimsreflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of asingle disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are herebyincorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing onits own as a separate embodiment.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: receiving, from acamera-enabled mobile device, a request to prepare a product forpublication, the request including an image, the image includingidentifying information associated with the product being prepared forthe publication as a listing on a network based publication system, theimage being taken by the camera-enabled mobile device; matching, usingone or more image processing services, the identifying informationincluded in the received image and one or more additional products, thematching being performed by one or more hardware processors; accessingproduct information describing the one or more additional products basedon the matching of the identifying information included in the receivedimage and the one or more additional products, the product informationincluding one or more additional images associated with the one or moreadditional products; and in response to the receiving of the requestfrom the camera-enabled mobile device, causing enhancement of a userinterface associated with the camera-enabled device to enable thepublication of the product as the listing on the network basedpublication system to enable viewing of the enhanced user interface byother devices accessing the network based publication system, thecausing of the enhancement including: generating, in an automatedoperation without user intervention and based on the one or moreadditional images, one or more selectable additional image features eachfor selection of a particular additional image via the user interface,generating one or more input features associated with each one or moreselectable additional images, each input feature for receivingadditional data associated with the product depicted in the particularadditional image, and presenting, in the user interface, the one or moreselectable additional image features and the one or more input featuresassociated with each one or more selectable additional images.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the identifying of the product from the imageincludes comparing the image to a database of items, wherein the causingfurther comprises including, in the enhanced user interface, a categoryfor the product and a price for the product, the category and the priceddetermined based on the product information describing the one or morematching additional products.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the oneor more image processing services compare at least one characteristic ofthe image to the database of items, the at least one characteristic ofthe image comprising at least one of a color, a shape, or a texture. 4.The method of claim 1, herein the request includes user-suppliedinformation in addition to the image.
 5. The method of claim 1, whereinthe user-supplied information includes a product category for theproduct.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the request is received as anemail message, and wherein a command is included in the email message.7. The method of claim 6, wherein the command is included in the subjectline of the email message.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the commandis included in the body of the email message.
 9. The method of claim 6,wherein the command is to compare image data to the database ofproducts.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the request is received asan HTTP message.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or moreimage processing services include a fraud detection service, and whereinthe image is compared to the product information to identify aninconsistency.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprisingtransmitting a notification of an inconsistency between the image andvalid product information.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the imageresulting in an inconsistency is stored in a fraud records database, andwherein the fraud detection service compares subsequently received imagedata to the image stored in the fraud records database.
 14. The methodof claim 1, wherein the product information further identifies at leastone web page having a detailed description of the product.
 15. A systemcomprising: one or more hardware processors of a machine; and amachine-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by theone or more hardware processors, cause the machine to perform operationscomprising: receiving, from a camera-enabled mobile device, a request toprepare a product for publication, the request including an image, theimage including information associated with the product being preparedfor publication as a listing on a network based publication system, theimage taken by the camera: enabled mobile device; matching, using one ormore image processing services, the identifying information included inthe received image and one or more additional products; accessingproduct information describing the one or more additional products basedon the matching of the identifying information included in the receivedimage and the one or more additional products, the product informationincluding one or more additional images associated with the one or moreadditional products; and in response to the receiving of the requestfrom the camera-enabled mobile device, causing enhancement of a userinterface associated with the camera-enabled device to enable thepublication of the product as the listing on the network basedpublication system to enable viewing of the enhanced user interface byother devices accessing the network based publication system, thecausing of the enhancement including: generating, in an automatedoperation without user intervention and based on the one or moreadditional images, one or more selectable additional image features eachfor selection of a particular additional image via the user interface,generating one or more input features associated with each one or moreselectable additional images, each input feature for receivingadditional data associated with the product depicted in the particularadditional image, and presenting, in the user interface, the one or moreselectable additional image features and the one or more input featuresassociated with each one or more selectable additional images.
 16. Thesystem of claim 15, wherein the product information includes priceinformation for the product, wherein the causing further comprisesincluding, in the enhanced user interface, a category for the productand a price for the product, the category and the priced determinedbased on the product information describing the one or more matchingadditional products.
 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the productinformation includes an additional image of the product.
 18. The systemof claim 15, wherein the product information includes a uniqueidentifier of the product.
 19. The system of claim 15, wherein therequest further includes a user-specified command.
 20. The system ofclaim 15, wherein the operations further comprise: generating, in anautomated operation without user intervention, a publication thatincludes the particular additional image, based on a selection of aselectable additional image feature, and additional data associated withthe product depicted in the particular additional image, based on inputvia a particular input feature; and listing, using the publication, theproduct depicted in the particular additional image on the network basedpublication system.
 21. The system of claim 14, wherein the operationsfurther comprise receiving user input specifying one or morecharacteristics of the product for inclusion in a publication.
 22. Anon-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions, that,when executed by one or more hardware processors, cause the one or morehardware processors to perform operations comprising: receiving, from acamera enabled mobile device, a request to prepare a product forpublication, the request including an image, the image includingidentifying information associated with the product being prepared forpublication as a listing on a network based publication system, theimage being taken by the camera-enabled mobile device; matching, usingone or more image processing services, the identifying informationincluded in the received image and one or more additional products;accessing product information describing the one or more additionalproducts based on the matching of the identifying information includedin the received image and the one or more additional products, theproduct information including one or more additional images associatedwith the one or more additional products; and in response to thereceiving of the request from the camera-enabled mobile device, causingenhancement of a user interface associated with the camera-enableddevice to enable the publication of the product as the listing on thenetwork based publication system to enable viewing of the enhanced userinterface by other devices accessing the network based publicationsystem, the causing of the enhancement including: generating, in anautomated operation without user intervention and based on the one ormore additional images, one or more selectable additional image featureseach for selection of a particular additional image via the userinterface, generating one or more input features associated with eachone or more selectable additional images, each input feature forreceiving additional data associated with the product depicted in theparticular additional image, and presenting, in the user interface, theone or more selectable additional image features and the one or moreinput features associated with each one or more selectable additionalimages.
 23. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 22,wherein the request includes a product category, wherein the causingfurther comprises including, in the enhanced user interface, a categoryfor the product and a price for the product, the category and the pricedetermined based on the product information describing the one or morematching additional products.
 24. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 22, wherein the operations further comprise receivinguser input specifying one or more characteristics of the product forinclusion in a publication.
 25. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 24, wherein one or more characteristics of the productinclude product details.
 26. The non-transitory computer-readable mediumof claim 24, wherein one or more characteristics of the product includeat least one of a size, a color, and a texture.
 27. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the operations furthercomprise receiving user input specifying an additional image of theproduct for inclusion in a publication.
 28. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the operations furthercomprise receiving user input specifying a schedule for listing theproduct.
 29. A method, comprising: receiving, from a camera-enabledmobile device, a request that includes an image data, the image dataincluding identifying information associated with a first product and asecond product, the image data being generated by the camera-enabledmobile device, the first product and the second product being preparedfor publication as a listing on a network based publication system;matching, using one or more image processing services, the identifyinginformation included in the received image data and one or moreadditional products; accessing product information describing the one ormore products based on the matching of the identifying informationincluded in the received image data and the one or more additionalproducts, the product information including one or more additionalimages associated with the one or more additional products; in responseto the receiving of the request from the camera-enabled mobile device,causing enhancement of a user interface associated with thecamera-enabled device to enable the publication of the first product andthe second product as the listing on the network based publicationsystem to enable viewing of the enhanced user interface by other devicesaccessing the network based publication system, the causing of theenhancement including: generating, in an automated operation withoutuser intervention, and based on the one or more additional images, oneor more selectable additional image features each for selection of aparticular additional image via the user interface, generating one ormore input features associated with each one or more selectableadditional images, each input feature for receiving additional dataassociated with the product depicted in the particular additional image,and presenting, in the user interface, the one or more selectableadditional image features and the one or more input features associatedwith each one or more selectable additional images.
 30. The method ofclaim 29, wherein the image data includes a barcode, and wherein a firstimage processing service of the one or more processing services maps thebarcode to at least one of the first product or second product in theproduct database.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the image datafurther includes a product title.
 32. The method as in claim 29, whereinthe image data is a photographic image, and the operations furthercomprise extracting textual information from the image data.
 33. Themethod of claim 29, wherein the image data includes a productidentifier.